@String{chi = {Computer Human Interaction}}
@String{nov = {Studying the Novice Programmer}}
@String{icce7 = {7th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE'99}}
@String{ppig12 = {12th Annual Meeting of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group}}

@inproceedings{kol:96,
	AUTHOR	= {K\"{o}lling, M. and Rosenberg, J.},
	TITLE	= {Blue - A Language for Teaching Object-Oriented Programming},
	BOOKTITLE = {27th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
	PUBLISHER	= {ACM},
	YEAR	= {1996},
	PAGES	= {190--194},
	}

@book{fri:92,
	AUTHOR	= {Friendly, M.},
	TITLE	= {Advanced LOGO: A Language for Learning},
	PUBLISHER	= {Prentice-Hall},
	YEAR	= {1992},
	}

@article{bru:97,
	AUTHOR	= {Brusilovsky, P. and Calabrese, E. and Hvorecky, E. and Kouchnirenko, A. and Miller, P.},
	TITLE	= {Mini-languages: A Way to Learn Programming Principles},
	JOURNAL	= {Education and Information Technologies},
	VOLUME	= {2},
	NUMBER	= {1},
	YEAR	= {1997},
	PAGES	= {65-83},
	}

@incollection{per:86,
	AUTHOR	= {Perkins, D. and Martin, F.},
	TITLE	= {Fragile Knowledge and Neglected Strategies in Novice Programmers},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Empirical Studies of Programmers},
	YEAR	= {1986},
	EDITOR	= {Soloway, E. and Sitharama Iyengar, S.},
        PUBLISHER       ={Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey},
	PAGES	= {213--229},
	}

@incollection{wie:86,
        AUTHOR  = {Wiedenbeck, S.},
        TITLE   = {Processes in Computer Program Comprehension},
        BOOKTITLE       = {Empirical Studies of Programmers},
        YEAR    = {1986},
        EDITOR  = {Soloway, E. and Sitharama Iyengar, S.},
        PUBLISHER       ={Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey},
	PAGES 	= {48--57},
	}


@article{bon:85,
	AUTHOR	= {Bonar, J. and Soloway, E.},
	TITLE	= { Preprogramming Knowledge: A Major Source of Misconception in Novice Programmers},
	JOURNAL	= {Human Computer Interaction},
	VOLUME	= {1},
	NUMBER	= {2},
	PAGES	= {133--161},
	YEAR	= {1985},
	}

@article{bro:77,
	AUTHOR	= {Brooks, R.},
        TITLE   = {Towards a theory of the cognitive processes in computer programming},
	JOURNAL	= {Man-Machine Studies},
	YEAR	= {1977},
	VOLUME	= {9},
	PAGES	= {737--751},
	}

@inproceedings{bru:99,
	AUTHOR	= {Bruckman, A. and Edwards, E.},
	TITLE	= {Should We Leverage Natural-Language Knowledge? {An} Analysis of User Errors in a Natural-Language-Style Programming Language},
	BOOKTITLE	= {CHI'99 Papers},
	YEAR	= {1999},
	MONTH	= {15--20 May},
	}

@incollection{bru:93,
	AUTHOR	= {Brusilovsky, P. },
	TITLE	= {Towards an Intelligent Environment for Learning Introductory Programming},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Cognitive Models and Intelligent Environments for Learning Programming},
	EDITOR	= { Lemut, E. and Du Boulay, B and Dettori, G.},
	YEAR	= {1993},
	PUBLISHER	= {Springer-Verlag},
	PAGES	= {114--124},
	}

@inproceedings{bru:94,
	AUTHOR	= {Brusilovsky, P. and Kouchnirenko, A. and Miller, P. and Tomek, I. },
	TITLE	= {Teaching programming to novices: a review of approaches and tools},
	YEAR	= {1994},
	BOOKTITLE	= {ED-MEDIA'94 - World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia},
	EDITOR	= {Ottman, T. and Tomek, I. },
	PAGES	= {103--110},
	}

@misc{con:93,
	AUTHOR	= {Conway, D.},
        TITLE   = {Criteria and Considerations in the Selection of a First Programming Language},
	HOWPUBLISHED	= {Technical Report no 93/192, Monash University},
	YEAR	= {1994},
	MONTH	= {December},
	}

@book{cor:94,
	AUTHOR	={Corsini, R.J.},
	TITLE	={Encyclopedia of Psychology},
	PUBLISHER	={Wiley},
	YEAR	={1994},
	}

@incollection{dub:89,
	AUTHOR	= {Du Boulay, B.},
	TITLE	= {Some Difficulties of Learning to Program},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Studying the Novice Programmer},
	EDITOR	= {Soloway, E. and Spohrer, J.C},
	YEAR	= {1989},
	PUBLISHER	= {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	PAGES	= {283--299},
	}

@article{dub:84,
	AUTHOR	= {Du Boulay, B. and Matthew, I.},
	TITLE	= {Fatal error in pass zero: how not to confuse the novices},
	JOURNAL	= {Behaviour and Information Technology},
	YEAR	= {1984},
	VOLUME	= {3},
	NUMBER	= {2},
	PAGES	= {109--118},
	}

@inproceedings{dyc:85,
	AUTHOR	= {Dyck, J. and Mayer, R.},
	TITLE	= {{B}{A}{S}{I}{C} versus Natural Language: Is There One Underlying Comprehension Process?},
	BOOKTITLE	= {CHI'85 Proceedings, Comference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
	YEAR	= {1985},
	MONTH	= {April},
	}

@incollection{eis:92,
	AUTHOR	= {Eisenstadt, M. and Lewis, M.},
	TITLE	= {Errors in an Interactive Programming Environment: Causes and Cures},
	BOOKTITLE = {Novice Programming Environments: Explorations in Human-Computer Interaction and Artificial Intelligence},
	YEAR	= {1992},
	PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	EDITOR = {Eisenstadt, M. and Keane, M. and Rajan, T.},
	CHAPTER = {5},
	}

@article{end:75,
	AUTHOR	= {Endres, A.},
	TITLE	= {An Analysis of Errors and Their Causes in System Programs},
	JOURNAL	= {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
	VOLUME	= {SE-1},
	NUMBER	= {2},
	MONTH 	= {June},
	YEAR	= {1975},
	PAGES	= {140--149},
	}

@inproceedings{gug:86,
	AUTHOR	= {Gugerty, L. and Olson, G.},
	TITLE	= {Debugging by Skilled and Novice Programmers},
	BOOKTITLE	= {CHI'86},
	MONTH	= {April},
	YEAR	= {1986},
	PAGES	= {171--174},
	}

@article{hsi:98,
	AUTHOR	= {Hsi, S. and Soloway, E.},
	TITLE	= {Learner Centered Design},
	JOURNAL	= {SigCHI Bulletin},
	VOLUME	= {30},
	NUMBER	={4},
	YEAR	= {1998},
	PAGES	= {53--55},
	}

@article{jon:86,
	AUTHOR	= {Joni, S.A. and Soloway, E.},
	TITLE	= {But My Program Runs! {D}iscourse Rules for Novice Programmers},
	JOURNAL	= {Educational Computing Research},
	VOLUME	={2},
	NUMBER	={1},
	YEAR	={1986},
	PAGES	={95--128},
	}

@book{ker:88,
	AUTHOR	={Kernighan, B. and Ritchie, D.},
	TITLE	={The C Programming Language, 2nd Ed.},
	PUBLISHER	={Prentice Hall},
	YEAR	={1988},
	}

@article{lev:95,
	AUTHOR	={Levy, S.P.},
	TITLE	={Computer Language Usage in {C}{S}1: Survey Results},
	JOURNAL	={SIGCSE Bulletin},
	VOLUME	={27},
	NUMBER	={3},
	YEAR	={1995},
	PAGES	={21--26},
	}

@inbook{may:86,
        AUTHOR  = {Mayer, R.},
        TITLE   = {The Psychology of How Novices Learn Computer Programming},
        BOOKTITLE       = {Studying the Novice Programmer},
        YEAR    = {1986},
        PUBLISHER       = {Baywood Publishing Co. Inc.},
        PAGES   = {129--159},
        }

@incollection{may:87,
        AUTHOR  = {Mayer, R.},
        TITLE   = {Cognitive Aspects of Learning and Using a Programming Language},
        BOOKTITLE       = {Interfacing Thought},
        YEAR    = {1987},
        PUBLISHER       = {MIT Press},
	EDITOR	= {Carroll, J.},
        PAGES   = {61--79},
        }

@phdthesis{mci:02,
	AUTHOR	={McIver, L.},
	TITLE	={Syntactic and Semantic Issues in Introductory Programming Education},
	YEAR	={2002},
	SCHOOL	={Computer Science and Software Engineering},
	MONTH	={January},
	}

@inproceedings{mci:96,
	AUTHOR	= {McIver, L. and Conway, D.},
	TITLE	= {Seven Deadly Sins of Introductory Programming Language Design},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Software Engineering: Education and Practice},
	YEAR	= {1996},
	PUBLISHER	= {IEEE Computer Society Press},}

@inproceedings{mci:99,
	AUTHOR	= {McIver, L. and Conway, D.},
	TITLE	= {GRAIL: A Zero'th programming language},
	EDITOR	= {Cummings, G and Okamoto, T. and Gomex, L.},
	BOOKTITLE	= icce7,
	YEAR	= {1999},
	MONTH	= {November},
	PUBLISHER	= {IOS Press},
	VOLUME	= {2},
	PAGES	= {43--50},}

@inproceedings{mci:00,
	AUTHOR	= {McIver, L.},
	TITLE	= {The Effects of Programming Language on Error Rates of Novice Programmers},
	BOOKTITLE	= ppig12,
	MONTH	= {April},
	YEAR	= {2000},}

@article{mcq:98,
	AUTHOR	={McQuire, A. and Eastman, C.},
	TITLE	={The Ambiguity of Negation in Natural Language Queries to Information Retrieval Systems},
	JOURNAL	={Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
	VOLUME	={49},
	NUMBER	={8},
	YEAR	={1998},
	PAGES	={686--692},
	}


@article{mod:93,
	AUTHOR	= {Mody, R.P.},
	TITLE	= {C in Education and Software Engineering},
	JOURNAL	= {SIGSCE Bulletin},
	VOLUME	= {24},
	NUMBER	= {3},
	MONTH	= {September},
	YEAR	= {1993},
	PAGES	= {45--56},
	}A

@misc{moy:92,
	AUTHOR	= {Moylan, P.J.},
	TITLE	= {The Case Against {C}},
	HOWPUBLISHED	= {Technical Report EE9240, Centre for Industrial Control Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308 Australia},
	MONTH	={July},
	YEAR	={1992},
	}

@article{mur:93,
	AUTHOR	= {Murnane, J.},
	YEAR	= {1993},
	TITLE	= {The Psychology of Computer Languages for Introductory Programming Courses},
	JOURNAL	= {New Ideas in Psychology},
	VOLUME	= {11},
	NUMBER	= {2},
	PAGES	= {213--228},}

@misc{pan:00,
	AUTHOR	= {Pane, J. Myers, B.},
	TITLE	= {The Influence of the Psychology of Programming on a Language Design: Project Status Report},
	HOWPUBLISHED	= ppig12,
	YEAR	= {2000},
	NOTE	= {PPIG 2000},
	MONTH	= {10--13 April},}

@article{pan:01,
	AUTHOR 	= {Pane, J.F. and Ratanamahatana, C. and Myers, B.A.},
	TITLE	= {Studying the language and structure in non-programmers' solutions to programming problems},
	JOURNAL	= {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
	YEAR	= {2001},
	VOLUME	= {54},
	PAGES	= {237--264},}

@article{pea:86,
	AUTHOR 	= {Pea, R.D.},
	TITLE	= {Language-Independent Conceptual ``Bugs'' in Novice Programming},
	JOURNAL	= {Educational Computing Research},
	VOLUME	= {2},
	NUMBER	= {1},
	YEAR	= {1986},
	PAGES	= {25--36},}

@inbook{pen:87,
	AUTHOR	={Pennington, N.},
	TITLE	={Comprehension Strategies in Programming},
	BOOKTITLE	={Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop},
	PUBLISHER	={Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey},
	YEAR	={1987},
	PAGES	={100--112},
	}

@incollection{per:89,
	AUTHOR	= {Perkins, D.N. and Hancock, C. and Hobbs, R. and Martin, F. and Simmons, R.},
	TITLE	= {Conditions of Learning in Novice Programmers},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Studying the Novice Programmer},
	EDITOR= {Soloway, E. and Spohrer, J.C},
	YEAR	= {1989},
	PUBLISHER	= {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	}

@inproceedings{sol:84,
	AUTHOR	={Soloway, E.},
	TITLE	={A Cognitively-Based Methodology for Designing Languages/Environments/Methodologies},
	BOOKTITLE	={First ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN Software Engineering Symposium of Practical Software Environments},
	PUBLISHER	={ACM Press},
	YEAR	={1984},
	PAGES	={193--196},
	}

@incollection{sol:89,
	AUTHOR	={Soloway, E. and Bonar, J. and Ehrlich, K.},
	TITLE	={Cognitive Strategies and Looping Constructs: An Empirical Study},
	BOOKTITLE={Studying the Novice Programmer},
	EDITOR	={Soloway, E. and Spohrer, J.C.},
	PUBLISHER	={Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	YEAR	={1989},
	PAGES	={191--207},
	}


@inproceedings{spo:85,
	AUTHOR	= {Spohrer, J.G. and Soloway, E. and Pope, E.}, 
	TITLE	= {Where the Bugs Are},
	BOOKTITLE	= {CHI'85 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
	MONTH	= {April},
	YEAR	= {1985},
	PAGES	= {261--279},
	CHAPTER	= {13},}

@inbook{spo:86,
	AUTHOR	={Spohrer, J.G. and Soloway, E.},
	TITLE	={Analyzing the High Frequency Bugs in Novice Programs},
	BOOKTITLE	={Empirical studies of programmers : papers presented at the First Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers},
	MONTH	={June},
	EDITOR	={Soloway, E. and Iyengar, S.},
	PUBLISHER	={Ablex Publishing Corp.},
	YEAR	={1986},
	PAGES	={230--251},
	}

@book{wir:75,
	AUTHOR	={Wirth, N. and Jensen, K.},
	TITLE	={Pascal User Manual and Report},
	PUBLISHER	={Springer-Verlag},
	YEAR	={1975},
	}

@inproceedings{dix:93,
	AUTHOR	= {Dix, T. and Lien, T},
	TITLE	= {Safe-{C} for introductory undergraduate programming},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Proceedings of the sixteenth Australian computer science conference},
	YEAR	= {1993},
	PAGES	= {371--378},
	}

@misc{lar:01,
	AUTHOR	= {Larochelle, D. and Evans, D.},
	TITLE	= {Statically Detecting Likely Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities},
	HOWPUBLISHED = {USENIX Security Symposium},
	MONTH	= {August},
	YEAR	= {2001},
	}
	 
@article{eva:02,
	AUTHOR	= {Evans, D. and Larochelle, D.},
	TITLE	= {Improving Security Using Extensible Lightweight Static Analysis},
	JOURNAL	= {IEEE Software},
	VOLUME	= {19},
	NUMBER	= {1},
	YEAR	= {2002},
	PAGES	= {42--51},
	}

@inproceedings{eva:96,
	AUTHOR	= {Evans, D.},
	TITLE	= {Static Detection of Dynamic Memory Errors},
	BOOKTITLE	= {{SIGPLAN} Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation ({PLDI} '96)},
	YEAR	= {1996},
	}

@book{eva:03,
	AUTHOR	= {Evans, D.},
	TITLE	= {Splint Manual},
	YEAR	= {2003},
	EDITION	= {3.1.1-1},
	PUBLISHER ={www.splint.org/manual/manual.pdf},
	}

@techreport{det:98,
	AUTHOR	= {Detlefs, D. and Leino, K. and Nelsn, G. and Saxe, J.},
	TITLE	= {Extended Static Checking},
	INSTITUTION	= {COMPAQ Research Center},
	YEAR	= {1998},
	ADDRESS	= {California},
	}

@article{san:00,
	AUTHOR	= {Santo Orcero, D.},
	TITLE	= {The Code Analyser {L}{C}{L}int},
	JOURNAL	= {Linux Journal},
	VOLUME	= {73},
	MONTH	= {May},
	YEAR	= {2000},
	}

@techreport{joh:78,
	AUTHOR	= {Johnson, S.C.},
	TITLE	= {Lint, a {C} program checker},
	INSTITUTION	= {Bell Laboratories},
	NUMBER	= {65},
	TYPE	= {Technical Report},
	YEAR	= {1978},
	}